Observations of insects and their feeding marks on leaves in modern forests confirm indications from fossil leaf deposits that the diversity of chewing damage relates directly to diversity of the insect population that created it, according to an international team of researchers. The direct link between richness of leaf-chewing insects and their feeding damage across host plants in two tropical forests validates1（确认） the underlying2 assumptions of many paleobiological studies that rely on damage-type richness as a means to infer changes in relative herbivore（食草动物） richness through time, the researchers report in todays issue of PLOS ONE.Studies of leaf chewing include observation of the leaves, but rarely include all the insects that actually made the marks. Mnica R. Carvalho, graduate student, Cornell University and Peter Wilf, professor of geosciences, Penn State, and colleagues looked at leaf predation（捕食） in two tropical forests in Panama to test for a relationship between the richness of leaf-chewing insects and the leaf damage that the same insects induce.Using Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute canopy3-access cranes and working in the dark at almost 200 feet high in the treeTOPs at new moon during two summers the researchers collected a total of 276 adult and immature4 leaf-chewing insects of 156 species. While the largest category of insect was beetles5, leaf chewers among grasshoppers6, stick insects and caterpillars7, as well as a few ants, were also collected.The team also collected fresh leaves of the insects host plants and placed the insects in feeding experiment bags with these leaves. They allowed adult insects to feed for two to three days and immature stages to feed until full maturity8 when possible. The researchers then classified the damage to the leaves into categories, in the same way they catalog fossil leaf-chewing damage.This is the first attempt to compare leaf-chewing damage inflicted9 by many kinds of living insects on many kinds of plants throughout a large forest area, both to the culprit insects and to the leaf damage we see in the fossil record, said Carvalho.We mounted 276 of the insects with their damaged leaves and deposited them in the STRI Insect Collection.This collection is the only known vouchered（收据，证人） collection of diverse, identified insects and their feeding damage on leaves of identified plant hosts.The number of collected insect species correlated strongly with the number of damage types recorded in canopy leaves of 24 tree and liana species observed in the feeding experiments. This suggests that the number of types of damage seen in the fossil record is also related to the actual diversity of damage-making insects.The researchers also compared the modern leaf data to fossil data from Colombia, Argentina, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. They found that the distribution of chewing marks was the same across both modern and ancient settings, showing a striking consistency10 in how insects have divided up their leaf resources since at least the end of the age of dinosaurs11.In the fossil record we frequently find a decrease in damage-type richness during cooling events and after extinctions and an increase in damage-type richness during warming events and post-extinction recovery, said Wilf. Usually, insect body-fossils from these critical time intervals12 are absent or very rare, so we rely on the insect-damaged leaves to tell the story. These fossil studies have been considered tremendously important for understanding how ecosplayystems13 have responded, and will respond, to climate change and disturbance14. We now have direct observational evidence that the fossil data represent changes in actual insect richness and no longer need to infer this through deduction15 alone.
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1 validates v.证实；确证；使生效；使有法律效力 参考例句： Other research validates that when it comes to chocolate, type does matter. 其他的研究也证实了不同类型的巧克力确实效果不同。 来自网络 Trouble shoots equipment, review and validates data and complete reports. 管理错误描述设施，审察并确认试验数据，完成试验报告。 来自网络
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