英语中被动语态的用法范围极为广泛,特别是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,但凡在不必、不愿说出或不了解主动者的状况下均可用被动语态,因此,学会被动语态的翻译办法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为关键的,由于在硕士研究生入学考试中，英文翻译中文文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中,也有被动语态,一般通过把或被等词体现出来,但它的用法范围远远小于英语中被动语态的用法范围,因此英语中的被动语态在不少状况下都翻译成主动结构。对于英语原文的被动结构,大家一般采拿下列的办法:
1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不一样的状况。
英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在使用此办法时,大家总是在译文中用了加以, 经过, 用来等词来体现原文中的被动含义。比如:
例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.
其它问题将简单地加以讨论。
例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例3. Nuclear power\s danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.
核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词 | 辐射来概括。
将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词汇作主语。比如:
例1. It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.
可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.
大家常说,电视使人知道时事,熟知政治范围的最新进步变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。
例3. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.
大家常见觉得，孩子们的早年历程在非常大程度上决定了他们的性格特点及其将来的人品。
另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一方法翻译:
It is asserted that 有人倡导
It is believed that 有人觉得
It is generally considered that 大伙觉得
It is well known that 大伙了解
It will be said 有人会说
It was told that 有人过去说
将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此状况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。比如:
例1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.
原子反应堆需要一种适合的燃料。
例2. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cosplayt of 200 Belgian and French lives.
大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。
例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.
很多人觉得,普通人的思维活动根本没办法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且觉得这类思维过程需要经过某种专门的练习才能学会。
翻译成汉语的无主句。比如:
例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.
应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|青年抽烟的害处,尤其是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。
例2. By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.
通过这种办法剖析发现不同类型的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏锐程度也极为不同。
例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.
在大家这个世纪内研制了很多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的或许就是气垫船了。
例5. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time.
需要找到新的能源，这需要时间
另外,下列结构也可以通过这一方法翻译:
It is hoped that 期望
It is reported that 据报道
It is said that 据了解
It is supposed that 据推断
It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说
It must be admitted that 需要承认
It must be pointed out that 需要指出
It will be seen from this that 这样来看
翻译成带表语的主动句。比如:
例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
进攻的决定不是随便作出的。
例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
总的来讲,得出这种结论是有一定量把握的,但需要拥有两个条件:可以假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没由于缺少别的孩子已学会的有关常识而被扣分。
2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的很多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用被, 给, 遭, 挨, 为所, 使, 由, 遭到等表示。比如:
例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.
地球上早期的火一定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。
例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.
这类讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所导致的。
例3. Natural light or white light is actually made up of many colours.
自然光或者白光事实上是由很多种颜色组成的。
例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosplayity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.
流体在管道中流动的状况,遭到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种原因的影响。
例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal|like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.
它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大方的来源。它们还被觉得是构成外部行星与其卫星的一类型似微星的基础材料。
例6. Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
工具和技术本身作为根本性革新的源泉多年来在非常大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽略了。
例7. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
政府是以降低技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入,还是相反,这总是取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。
例8. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
石油的提供可能随时会被中断;不管如何，以现在的这种消费速度，仅需30年左右，所有些油井都会枯竭。
